石油类污染地下水中挥发性有机物低温生物降解性能的研究

针对地下水石油类污染的问题,从某污染场地土壤中筛选驯化出了适用于处理挥发性有机物的3株低温高效降解菌,并以苯和萘作为特征组分考察了pH、DO、温度、氮磷等因素对降解效果的影响;实验结果表明,在8℃左右的地下环境中,DO和氮磷的含量对污染物的降解影响较大;在pH 7.5、DO＞4 mg/L和投加氮磷的条件下,18 d内降...     

pH、盐度对微生物还原硫酸盐的影响研究

采用厌氧生物处理工艺，研究了在不同盐度下pH连续降低对硫酸盐还原和有机物去除率的影响。实验结果表明，硫酸盐还原菌有很强的适应pH变化的能力，在pH值达到4以下仍有60％的硫酸盐去除率。NaCl浓度由4g／L增加到50g／L抑制了各厌氧菌的活性，导致硫酸盐和有机物去除率的下降，但硫酸盐还原菌耐受性高于产甲烷菌等其他厌氧菌，在NaCl浓度为50g／L下，硫酸盐去除率能达到50％，而有机物去除率则低于30％。qRT—PCR表明了系统菌落中SRB随着环境的变化情况与化学指标结果相一致，该反应器体系中SRB在整个厌氧菌群落中只占了很小部分。     

不同碳源和泥龄对反硝化聚磷的影响

在4个SBR装置(1#~4#)中,对4种不同比例的丙酸/乙酸合成废水采用厌氧/缺氧方式驯化富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),研究了碳源浓度和污泥龄对除磷的影响。实验结果表明:(1)厌氧段碳源COD浓度越高,释磷越充分,溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)去除率越高;但当碳源COD浓度超过某个浓度值时,未反应完全的有机物残留于后续缺氧段对缺氧吸磷产生抑制作用。(2)污泥龄SRT=15 d时,活性污泥的性能较好,达到了较好的除磷效果。(3)在相同碳源浓度和相同的污泥龄下,随着丙酸/乙酸比例的提高,SOP的去除率逐渐的降低。说明在厌氧/缺氧环境下,碳源中丙酸比例的提高不利于系统中磷的去除。高乙酸含量的碳源更适合反硝化除磷系统。     

Dynamic of functional microbial groups during mesophilic composting of agro-industrial wastes and free-living (N2)-fixing bacteria application

Although several reports are available concerning the composition and dynamics of the microflora during the composting of municipal solid wastes, little is known about the microbial diversity during the composting of agro-industrial refuse. For this reason, the first parts of this study included the quantification of microbial generic groups and of the main functional groups of C and N cycle during composting of agro-industrial refuse. After a generalized decrease observed during the initial phases, a new bacterial growth was observed in the final phase of the process. Ammonifiers and (N₂)-fixing aerobic groups predominated outside of the piles whereas, nitrate-reducing group increased inside the piles during the first 23 days of composting. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), showed an opposite trend of growth since ammonia oxidation decreased with the increase of the nitrite oxidation activity. Pectinolytics, amylolytics and aerobic cellulolytic were present in greater quantities and showed an upward trend in both the internal and external part of the heaps.Several free-living (N₂)-fixing bacteria were molecularly identify as belonging especially to uncommon genera of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as Stenotrophomonas, Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Alcaligenes, Achromobacter and Caulobacter. They were investigated for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen to employ as improvers of quality of compost. Some strains of Azotobacter chrococcum and Azotobacter salinestris were also tested. When different diazotrophic bacterial species were added in compost, the increase of total N ranged from 16% to 27% depending on the selected microbial strain being used. Such microorganisms may be used alone or in mixtures to provide an allocation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in soil.     

Antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes dissemination in lacustrine sediments highly increased following cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

This study investigates faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), of sediment profiles from different parts of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the last decades. MARs consist to expose culturable Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (ENT) to mixed five antibiotics including Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin. Culture-independent is performed to assess the distribution of ARGs responsible for, β-lactams (blaTEM; Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), Streptomycin/Spectinomycin (aadA), Tetracycline (tet) Chloramphenicol (cmlA) and Vancomycin (van). Bacterial cultures reveal that in the sediments deposited following eutrophication of Lake Geneva in the 1970s, the percentage of MARs to five antibiotics varied from 0.12% to 4.6% and 0.016% to 11.6% of total culturable EC and ENT, respectively. In these organic-rich bacteria-contaminated sediments, the blaTEM resistant of FIB varied from 22% to 48% and 16% to 37% for EC and ENT respectively, whereas the positive PCR assays responsible for tested ARGs were observed for EC, ENT, and total DNA from all samples. The aadA resistance gene was amplified for all the sediment samples, including those not influenced by WWTP effluent water. Our results demonstrate that bacteria MARs and ARGs highly increased in the sediments contaminated with WWTP effluent following the cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva. Hence, the human-induced changing limnological conditions highly enhanced the sediment microbial activity, and therein the spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in this aquatic environment used to supply drinking water in a highly populated area. Furthermore, the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aadA in all the studied samples points out a regional dissemination of this emerging contaminant in freshwater sediments since at least the late nineteenth century.     

Isolation and characterization of lead-tolerant Ochrobactrum intermedium and its role in enhancing lead accumulation by Eucalyptus camaldulensis

In this study, the potential of rhizospheric bacteria in promoting the growth and Pb accumulation by the woody plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis under hydroponic conditions was investigated for the first time. Three Pb-tolerant bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of E. camaldulensis grown in Pb-contaminated soils in the Bo Ngam Pb mine, Thailand. Based on analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequence, the three isolates were identified as Microbacterium paraoxydans BN-2, Ochrobactrum intermedium BN-3, and Bacillus fusiformis BN-4. Among these strains, O. intermedium BN-3 showed the highest tolerance to not only Pb but also Cd and Zn. After growth in the presence of Pb, the membranes of O. intermedium BN-3 cells exhibited an increase in unsaturated fatty acid levels but a decrease in fluidity. In hydroponic studies, inoculation of O. intermedium BN-3 significantly increased the biomass and Pb accumulation by E. camaldulensis compared to the uninoculated control. The results suggested the role of the natural rhizospheric bacteria localized to the root surface of E. camaldulensis in promoting Pb accumulation and plant growth. Our results indicate that O. intermedium BN-3 and other indigenous rhizospheric bacteria have the potential to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites.     

生物强化工程菌的构建及其在石化废水处理中的应用

为解决石化废水在低温下生化处理效果差的难题,通过石化废水厂二沉池出水的 GC-MS 分析.确定了石化废水中的特征污染物,在此基础上进行了生物强化工程菌的筛选、驯化与构建.同时,为验证投加工程菌的生物强化技术处理石化废水的效果,开展了二级 A/O 工艺处理低温石化废水的中试研究.结果表明,工艺稳定运行期间,在进水水质波动较大(COD=370～910mg·L-1.NH 4-N=10～70mg·L-1)、水温低于13℃的情况下,出水COD和NH 4-N 平均浓度分别在 80mg·L-1和8mg·L-1左右,水质优于污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)中表2 一级标准.经对中试装置出水的 GC-MS 分析可知,难降解有机污染物的种类为由未经生物强化的68种减少到32种,绝对石油烃含量、苯系物、卤代物等的含量较未强化的系统都有大幅度地下降.因此,经生物强化后,系统对难降解有机物的处理能力大大地增强,生物强化技术应用于低温石化废水的处理是有效的、可行的.     

加拿大海盆与楚科奇海柱状沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌的分布状况

对取自北极楚科奇海及加拿大海盆的10个沉积物岩芯分别在4℃、25℃培养温度下进行硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分析,结合首次北极科考海洋沉积物SRB的研究成果,探讨了研究区SRB的分布特点.研究结果表明,4℃与25℃温度培养的SRB含量均为0～2.4 ×106个·g-1(湿样);4℃时SRB的检出率与平均含量分别为45.5%和2.06×104个·g-1(湿样),25℃培养条件下分别为73.7%和4.70×104个·g-1(湿样);柱状沉积物中SRB的检出率、含量范围、平均含量都明显高于表层沉积物中SRB的相关指标;岩芯中SRB含量分布与采样点的纬度、深度有一定关系,但这种关系不如表层沉积物中SRB分布表现的那么明显;4℃培养时,各层位SRB含量的平均值范围为51～1.2×106个·g-1(湿样),25℃时为2.04×102～2.47×105个·g-1(湿样);在所研究的深度范围内,4℃时培养SRB的垂直变化较为明显,而25℃时SRB的垂直变化相对缓和;根据4℃、25℃2个不同培养温度时SRB的检出率、含量对比看,似乎25℃时更有利于某些SRB的繁衍.     

同步脱氮除磷新工艺处理校园生活污水

针对国内现行工艺氮磷去除不能兼顾的现实,采用活性污泥、生物膜组合系统(活性污泥、生物膜培养采用原水→配水→待处理废水逐级诱导培养获得单池相对纯净的生物相.避免了硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾,利用反硝化聚磷"一碳两用"缓解了碳源竞争问题),并采用独特的聚磷污泥回流方式使全部聚磷菌污泥经历释磷、聚磷循环,克服了水体中氮磷去除不能兼顾的问题.运行结果表明,该工艺对校园生活污水有良好的处理效果.当进水的CODCr、NH 4-N、TN、PO3-4-P的平均浓度为349.84mg·L-1、32.28mg·L-1、35.76mg·L-1、6.45mg·L-1时,出水平均浓度为14.77mg·L-1、1.46mg·L-1、5.48mg·L-1、0.63mg·L-1,平均去除率分别为95.7%、95.12%、84.45%、92.01%.长期的运行表明此工艺对氮磷有稳定的去除效果,出水水质满足国家<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002一级B标准)要求.     

一株好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化能力

利用驯化活性污泥的方法筛选出一株好氧反硝化细菌G3,该菌在碳源充足且溶解氧为(4.0±1.0)mg·L-1条件下,24h内对NO-2-N积累量为12.03 mg·L-1,对NO-3-N的去除率为91.09%.扫描电镜观察其形态特征为(0.4～0.6)μm×(1.2～2.0)μm的短杆菌.16SrDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri的相似性为100%.利用MEGA软件对该菌株与已报道的相关微生物进行系统发育分析,并克隆出与好氧反硝化相关的周质硝酸盐还原酶的亚基napA基因,初步判定筛选菌株具有周质硝酸盐还原酶.